1.2.1 權威檔(Authority Files)

　　Authority files are lists of terms that are used to control the variant names for an entity or the domain value for a particular field. Examples include names for countries, individuals, and organizations. Nonpreferred terms may be linked to the preferred versions. This type of KOS generally does not include a deep organization or complex structure. The presentation may be alphabetical or organized by a shallow classification scheme. A limited hierarchy may be applied to allow for simple navigation, particularly when the authority file is being accessed manually or is extremely large. Examples of authority files include the Library of Congress Name Authority File and the Getty Geographic Authority File.

圖1：Authority Files 1

圖2：Authority Files 2

　1.2.2 詞彙表(Glossaries)

　　A glossary is a list of terms, usually with definitions. The terms may be from a specific subject field or from a particular work. The terms are defined within a specific environment and rarely include variant meanings. Examples include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Terms of the Environment.

　1.2.3 字典(Dictionaries)

　　A dictionary is a listing or words and phrases giving information such as spelling, morphology and part of speech, senses, definitions, usage, origin, and equivalents in other languages (bi- or multilingual dictionary).

圖4：Dictionaries 1

圖5：Dictionaries 2

　1.2.4 地名詞典(Gazetteers)

　　A gazetteer is a list of place names. Traditional gazetteers have been published as books or have appeared as indexes to atlases. Each entry may also be identified by feature type, such as river, city, or school. An example is the U.S. Code of Geographic Names. Geospatially referenced gazetteers provide coordinates for locating the place on the earth's surface.

　1.2.5 主題標目(Subject Headings)

　　This scheme type provides a set of controlled terms to represent the subjects of items in a collection. Subject heading lists can be extensive and cover a broad range of subjects; however, the subject heading list's structure is generally very shallow, with a limited hierarchical structure.

圖7：Subject Headings 1

圖8：Subject Headings 2

圖9：Subject Headings 3

　1.2.6 分類表(Classification Schemes)

　　These terms are often used interchangeably. Although there may be subtle differences from example to example, these types of KOSs all provide ways to separate entities into "buckets" or broad topic levels. Some examples provide a hierarchical arrangement of numeric or alphabetic notation to represent broad topics. These types of KOSs may not follow the rules for hierarchy required in the ANSI NISO Thesaurus Standard (Z39.19) (NISO 1998), and they lack the explicit relationships presented in a thesaurus. Examples of classification schemes include the Library of Congress Classification Schedules (an open, expandable system), the Dewey Decimal Classification (a closed system of 10 numeric sections with decimal extensions), and the Universal Decimal Classification (based on Dewey but extended to include facets, or particular aspects of a topic).

圖10：Classification Schemes

圖11：Taxonomies 1

圖12：Taxonomies 2

圖13：Thesauri 1

圖14：Thesauri 2

圖15：Thesauri 3

　1.2.8 語意網路(Semantic Network)

　　With the advent of natural language processing, there have been significant developments in semantic networks. These KOSs structure concepts and terms not as hierarchies but as a network or a web. Concepts are thought of as nodes, and relationships branch out from them. The relationships generally go beyond the standard BT, NT, and RT. They may include specific whole-part, cause-effect, or parent-child relationships. The most noted semantic network is Princeton University's WordNet, which is now used in a variety of search engines.

圖16：Semantic Network 1

圖17：Semantic Network 2

　1.2.9 知識本體(ontology)

　　Ontology is the newest label to be attached to some knowledge organization systems. The knowledge-management community is developing ontologies as specific concept models. They can represent complex relationships among objects, and include the rules and axioms missing from semantic networks. Ontologies that describe knowledge in a specific area are often connected with systems for data mining and knowledge management.

　1.3.2 索引典的功能：以數位典藏環境為例

　1.支援學習與吸收理解資訊
　2.協助研究者與實務者的問題釐清
　3.支援資訊檢索
　－提供知識為本的使用者檢索支援
　－支援資訊展現
　－提供索引的工具
　－促進多個資料庫的結合，或統一查詢多個資料庫
　－支援檢索後的文件處理

　1.3.3 索引典的基本原理

1.通則（概念的類型）
　－具體實體(concrete entities)
　　˙Things and their physical parts
　　˙Materials
　－抽象實體(abstract entities)
　　˙Actions and events
　　˙Abstract entitles, and properties of things, materials or actions
　　˙Disciplines or sciences
　　˙Units of measurement
　－個別實體(individual entities)
2. 詞的形式
　－名詞或名詞片語
　　˙Adjectival phrases
　　˙Prepositional phrases
　－形容詞
　－副詞
　－動詞
　－縮寫
3. 同形異義字(homographs)或一詞多義(polysemes)
4. 詞的選擇
　－Spelling
　－Loan words and translations of loan words
　－Transliteration
　－Slang terms and jargon
　－Common names and trade names
　－Popular names and scientific names
　－Place names
　－Proper names of institutions and persons
5. 範圍註與定義
6. 複合詞(compound terms)基本概念
　－定義
　－原則
　－考慮因素
　－特質
　－列入複合詞的要件
　－不列入複合詞的要件
7. 複合詞(compound terms)的定義
　－是一種多字詞(multiwords)
　－將二個以上的字予以結合在一起，來表達一個語意(lexical unit)
8. 複合詞(compound terms)的原則
　－必須能夠在一個階層式或樹狀式的結構中, 來表達一個概念(a single concept)或思想(a unit of thought)
　－範例
　　˙children and television
　　˙adopted children
　　˙educational television
9. 複合詞(compound terms)的考慮因素
　－作品保證(literary warrant)
　－索引典詞彙數量的管理
　－紙本式與電腦系統式
　　˙Precoordinated
　　˙Postcoordinated
　－避免檢索上的錯誤(false drops in retrieval)
　　˙library science
　　˙library science
　　˙science library
10. 複合詞(compound terms)的特質
　－集中焦點(focus, head noun)
　　˙用以標引與識別較大範圍的層次(broader class)
　－辨別差異(difference, modifier)
　　˙用以標引與縮小較小範圍的層次(subclass)
　－範例
　　˙concrete reinforced concrete
　　˙glass stained glass
11. 列入複合詞的要件
　－分開會導致語意上的模糊或遺漏
　　˙plant food, rose windows
　－單獨存在時, 會有語意模糊的現象
　　˙composite drawings, first aid
　－修飾詞(modifier)已非原來的意涵
　　˙trade winds
　－修飾詞已引導至另外一種意義
　　˙butterfly valves, tree structure
　－修飾詞並不是對原有的層級概念(subclass)加以修飾
　　˙rubber ducks
　－已是正式名的一部份
　　˙United Nations
12. 不列入複合詞的要件
　－焦點(focus)屬於某一屬性或物件的一部份；如果必須依存它時，仍使用複合詞
　　˙office management = offices[object] + management[action]
　　˙printed textiles (printed[action] + textiles[object])
　－修飾物件的一項動作，如果這項動作與物件有依存關係時，仍使用複合詞
　　˙birds migration = birds[agent] + migration[action]
　　˙dancing shoes (dancing[action] + shoes[object])
13.索引典的基本關聯屬性
　－等同關係(The equivalence relationship)
　－層級關係(The hierarchical relationship)
　－聯想關係(The associative relationship)

Wetness / dryness
Smoothness / roughness

1.

Soergel, D. (2004). Thesauri and ontologies in digital libraries: tutorial. In ECDL 2004.
ISO 2788-1986(E) (Documentation－Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri)
NISO (2003). Guidelines for the construction, format, and management of monolingual thesauri. ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2003
Aitchison, J., Gilchrist A. and Bawden, D. (1997). Thesaurus construction and use: a practical manual. London: Aslib.